​​By: Dan Wynn

​As someone who studied plant science at university,
I was fascinated to learn about plant intelligence. We tend to think of intelligence as something only found in organisms with brains and nervous systems, but research has shown that even plants are capable of exhibiting sophisticated behavior and information processing. Plant intelligence is a manifestation of environment and evolutionary processes that we can study and learn from.

For example, their are many plants that can learn and remember, which is surprising given that they lack a central nervous system like animals. However, studies have shown that plants can learn from past experiences and remember them for weeks or even months. For instance, the Mimosa pudica plant, also known as the sensitive plant, rapidly closes its leaves and droops its stem when its leaves are touched or disturbed. But if the plant is repeatedly touched or disturbed in the same way, it eventually stops responding, suggesting that it has learned and remembered that the stimuli are not harmful.

Plants can also communicate with each other through chemical and electrical signals. For instance, through underground fungal networks, plants can share nutrients and even send stress signals. Plants can also communicate through airborne chemicals, such as when a damaged plant emits toxins to warn neighboring plants of danger. Interestingly, some plants even produce sounds. Tomato and tobacco plants emit high-frequency sounds during droughts or when their leaves are cut, and primrose flowers produce sweeter nectar in response to the sound of bees’ wings.

Plants manifest problem-solving like behavior in response to changing environments. For instance, when a plant is shaded by a neighboring plant, it may grow taller or lean towards the light to maximize its exposure. Plants can also respond to mechanical cues, such as the touch of a nearby plant, by adjusting their growth patterns to avoid overcrowding. In some cases, plants can even anticipate changes in their environment, such as blooming at the right time to attract pollinators.

Plants have a form of memory known as "priming," where they can remember previous experiences and adjust their response accordingly. For instance, some plants can remember how many days it has been since they were last exposed to cold temperatures and only begin growing again when they deem it safe. Other plants can remember when to begin growing again in the spring, blooming only when pollinators have re-emerged from winter hibernation. Plants can also "learn" from their environment, such as adapting to changes in light conditions or temperature to optimize their growth.

Their are some many more observations of plants That suggests that plants are far more complex and sophisticated than we ever imagined. From communicating with each other through underground networks to problem-solving and adapting to their environment, plants exhibit behaviors that are much more advanced than simple reactions. As we continue to learn more about plant intelligence, it's clear that we have much to gain from studying these remarkable organisms. 

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By: Dan Wynn

​I recently watched a documentary about glioblastoma, a type of brain cancer that is incredibly devastating. It was a sobering reminder of the need for sustainable and innovative approaches to healthcare. Traditional cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation can have a significant impact on the environment, producing hazardous waste and consuming fossil fuels.
But, there's some good news! A groundbreaking new treatment for glioblastoma is showing promise in extending the lives of patients, and it's based on the power of viruses.
Viruses have not been viewed in the best light in the past few years, but this is a totally different perspective.  It may sound strange, but some viruses can target and kill cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed. Scientists have found that the polio virus can be modified to target and destroy cancer cells while preserving healthy brain tissue in patients with glioblastoma.
The process of modifying the polio virus involves introducing genetic modifications that prevent it from replicating in normal cells while allowing it to replicate in cancer cells. This technique has already shown remarkable success in clinical trials, with some patients experiencing complete remission of their tumors.
As the polio virus treatment not kills cancer cells, but it also stimulates the immune system to fight off the cancer. By triggering an immune response, the treatment helps to prevent the recurrence of the cancer.
One of the most exciting things about virus-based cancer treatments is that they are more eco-friendly than traditional treatments. Unlike chemotherapy and radiation, which can have significant environmental impacts, virus-based therapies are a more sustainable option.
As research continues, we may see this innovative approach to cancer treatment become more common in the medical field. The use of viruses to treat cancer represents a new frontier in sustainable healthcare, and it has the potential to revolutionize the way we think about and treat this deadly disease.
The polio virus treatment for glioblastoma is an exciting and promising development in sustainable healthcare. By harnessing the power of viruses, we can offer new hope to patients while also minimizing our impact on the environment. It's amazing to think about the potential impact this could have on the lives of so many people.
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​By: Dan Wynn

Hidden beneath the forest floor lies an awe-inspiring organism that reigns as the largest known on the planet. Armillaria ostoyae, fondly referred to as the honey fungus, stretches its vast mycelium network across vast expanses. In Oregon, USA, an individual Armillaria ostoyae fungus claims an astounding estimated area of 2,385 acres (965 hectares). Let's delve into the captivating world of this colossal fungus and explore its ecological significance.

Disease and Adaptation:
While Armillaria may seem inconsequential to humans, its pathogenic nature plays a crucial role in the health of trees. By causing root rot, this fungus can lead to the decline and demise of its arboreal hosts. Its impact serves as a stark reminder of how diseases and pathogens can jeopardize the well-being and survival of organisms, including our own. Studying Armillaria's adaptability and spread offers valuable insights into disease management and prevention strategies.

Ecological Balance:
Armillaria assumes its place as a vital component of forest ecosystems, diligently contributing to the decomposition of fallen wood and nutrient recycling. As we ponder its existence, we are reminded of the delicate equilibrium within ecosystems. Preserving biodiversity and nurturing healthy ecological interactions prove essential for the welfare of all species, including humanity. Armillaria embodies the intricate web of connections within nature, unveiling the profound interconnectedness of life.

Interconnectedness:
Through its extensive underground mycelium, Armillaria forges a labyrinthine network, intertwining with its surroundings. This exemplifies the interdependence of ecosystems and the intricate relationships between organisms. Just as Armillaria's actions reverberate through the forest, our human actions cascade through the environment, affecting other species and shaping our shared future. Recognizing this interconnectedness impels us to foster sustainable practices and harmonious coexistence with the natural world.

Armillaria ostoyae, the gargantuan honey fungus, stands as a testament to the marvels of nature. Its sprawling mycelium network epitomizes its colossal size and remarkable longevity, estimated to be thousands of years old. While its relevance to the human condition may not be direct, studying Armillaria unravels broader ecological concepts and provides insights into the delicate balance of life on Earth. By deepening our understanding of this colossal organism, we gain a profound appreciation for the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the importance of nurturing a harmonious relationship with the natural world.

​By: Dan Wynn

​As we enter a new era of automation and artificial intelligence, the future of work is becoming increasingly uncertain. Many jobs that were once considered secure are at risk of being automated, and workers need to adapt to stay relevant. In this context, polymaths – individuals with diverse knowledge and skills – will be essential in the workforce of the future. Here are some reasons why:

1. Adaptability: Polymaths are versatile and can adapt to a wide range of tasks and challenges. In a rapidly changing work environment, the ability to learn new skills quickly and adapt to new technologies will be highly valued.
2. Creativity: Polymaths are also creative thinkers, able to connect ideas from different domains and come up with innovative solutions to problems. As automation takes over routine tasks, creativity will become increasingly important in the workforce.
3. Cross-disciplinary knowledge: Polymaths have knowledge and skills across multiple domains, giving them a broader perspective on the world. This can be highly valuable in a variety of roles, from project management to strategic planning.
4. Flexibility: Polymaths are often comfortable working in a variety of contexts and environments, making them highly adaptable to changing work situations. This flexibility will be crucial in a world where remote work and gig employment are becoming more common.
5. Resilience: Polymaths are also resilient, able to bounce back from setbacks and adapt to new situations. This resilience will be highly valued in a world where the pace of change is increasing.
6. Collaboration: Finally, polymaths are often highly collaborative, able to work well with others from diverse backgrounds and perspectives. As teams become more diverse and global, the ability to collaborate effectively will be critical for success.

The future of work is uncertain, but one thing is clear: adaptability, creativity, cross-disciplinary knowledge, flexibility, resilience, and collaboration skills will be highly valued in a wide range of roles and industries. As we prepare for the workforce of the future, we should encourage and support the development of polymathic skills and knowledge.